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System: Cardiovascular System Difficulty: Intermediate Count: 5 Flashcards

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Aorta

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Definition: The largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart.

Functions: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body through systemic circulation.

Location: Extends from the left ventricle, arches over the heart, and descends through the thorax and abdomen.

Clinical Relevance: Aortic aneurysms and dissections are serious conditions requiring immediate medical attention.

Key Facts: Divided into ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. Has a diameter of about 3cm at its origin.

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Left Ventricle

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Definition: The main pumping chamber of the heart, responsible for systemic circulation.

Functions: Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body, generates systolic pressure, maintains cardiac output.

Location: Located in the lower left portion of the heart, separated from right ventricle by interventricular septum.

Clinical Relevance: Left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure are common cardiovascular conditions.

Key Facts: Has the thickest muscular wall (8-12mm), generates pressures up to 120mmHg during systole.

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Mitral Valve

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Definition: A bicuspid valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle, also known as the bicuspid valve.

Functions: Prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium, ensures unidirectional blood flow.

Location: Positioned at the left atrioventricular opening, supported by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.

Clinical Relevance: Mitral stenosis and regurgitation are common valvular diseases affecting cardiac function.

Key Facts: Has two leaflets (anterior and posterior), opens during diastole, closes during systole. Mnemonic: "LAB RAT" (Left Atrium Bicuspid, Right Atrium Tricuspid).

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Coronary Arteries

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Definition: Specialized arteries that supply oxygenated blood directly to the heart muscle (myocardium).

Functions: Provide oxygen and nutrients to cardiac tissue, remove metabolic waste, maintain myocardial viability.

Location: Originate from aortic sinuses just above aortic valve, branch extensively across heart surface and penetrate myocardium.

Clinical Relevance: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of heart attacks and cardiac death worldwide.

Key Facts: Main branches are RCA (right coronary artery) and LCA (left coronary artery). Fill during diastole when aortic valve is closed.

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Sinoatrial Node

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Definition: A specialized cluster of cardiac cells that acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses.

Functions: Generates spontaneous electrical impulses, sets heart rate, coordinates cardiac rhythm, responds to autonomic nervous system.

Location: Located in the upper wall of the right atrium, near the opening of the superior vena cava.

Clinical Relevance: SA node dysfunction can cause bradycardia, requiring artificial pacemaker implantation.

Key Facts: Fires 60-100 times per minute at rest, contains specialized pacemaker cells, influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Generated: 5 flashcards for Cardiovascular System (Intermediate Level)

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